The CBDC Road To Practice——The Framework of LDF 2020
March 8, 2020 By JH( Lend0X Project Architect)
The Market Structure Analysis of CBDC
I. CBDC helps GDP growth
CBDC can be used as cash for commercial banks or as a medium for (government) bonds. The way in which assets are issued will have a huge impact on GDP growth. For commercial banks, the CBDC issued by the central bank is the source of assets. For customers, the products under the CBDC are the use of funds. Blockchain-based CBDC and bank account-based digital cash and banknotes are generally considered to have a huge difference in the contribution of GDP to quality, cost, and efficiency.
Qualitatively
The Bank of England states in the 2019 study that the macroeconomic effects of issuing central bank digital currency (CBDC), the following three advantages of digital currency can increase interest-bearing central bank liabilities, and distributed ledgers can compete with bank deposits as a medium of exchange.
In the digital currency economy model
1. The model in the report matches the adjusted US currency issuance before the crisis, and we find that if the issuance of CBDC accounts for 30% of GDP, compared with government bonds, it may permanently increase GDP by 3%.
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Reduce real interest rates, reverse taxes and currency transaction costs.
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As a second monetary policy tool, countercyclical CBDC price or quantity rules can greatly improve the ability of the central bank to stabilize the business cycle.
Cost
II. The issuing system and payment structure of CBDC
The BIS research report pointed out that CBDC has many open questions, such as whether they should be retail or wholesale? Directly or indirectly to consumers? Account-based or token-based? Based on distributed ledgers, a centralized model or a hybrid model? How does CBDC pay across borders?
Of the three issuance systems (indirect, direct, and hybrid), CBDC can only be issued directly by the central bank. In The first type of indirect issuance structure，the CBDC is the indirect
architecture ,and is done indirectly. ICBDC in the hands of consumers (such as the digital currency issued by the 4 largest state-owned commercial banks in DCEP) represents commercial banks (such as the 4 largest state-owned commercial banks) debt.
In the second type of direct and third type of mixed issuance structure, consumers are creditors of the central bank. In the direct CBDC model (type 2), the central bank processes all payments in real time and therefore maintains a record of all retail assets. The hybrid CBDC model is an intermediate solution where the consumer is a creditor of the central bank, but real-time payments are handled by the intermediary, and the central bank keeps copies of all retail
CBDCs in order to transfer them from one payment service provider to another in the event of a technical failure.
In terms of efficiency
Three payment architecture architectures allow account-based or token-based access. Although its DCEP digital currency is not a token in the blockchain, it is similar to the token in blockchain in key features such as non-double spending, anonymity, non-forgeability, security, transferability, separability, and programmability. Therefore, DCEP still belongs to the Token paradigm, not the account paradigm.
All four combinations are possible for any CBDC architecture (indirect, direct or hybrid) whatever the payment structure is based on the centralization or centralization mode, the account or token mode of blockchain smart contract account . But in different structures, central banks, commercial banks, and the private sector operate different parts of the infrastructure.
At present, the DCEP issuance structure adopts a two-tier structure, and its payment system——four major state-owned commercial
banks issuing four ICDBC tokens. Its technical architecture features are consistent with the first indirect distribution method. Because DCEP is positioned as digital cash (M0 cash) and the central bank's DCEP supports offline mobile payment, considering its huge payment transactions, a centralized account system for DCEP payment methods is essential. Offline Payment methods access to mobile wallets based on tokens are also essential for commercial banks.
LDF Central Bank Digital Currency CBDC Project Development
At present, the technical framework of the CBDC and the selection of infrastructure are divided into the R & D and cooperation of domestic application planning DCEP application scenarios; its overseas expansion goal supports the development of the “Belt and Road” digital asset ecosystem. DCEP adopts a double-layer system of commercial banks and central banks to adapt to the existing currency
systems of sovereign countries in the world. China, as a currency issuing country, has strong economic strength and basic conditions necessary for world currencies. At the same time, DCEP can also save the issued funds, calculate the inflation rate and other macroeconomic indicators more accurately, better curb illegal activities such as money laundering and terrorist financing, and facilitate foreign exchange circulation worldwide.
1. LDF——the combination of CBDC program and token economy
Only after answering questions such as the openness of CBDC currency itself, can we solve how the application of multiple blockchain industries such as LDF digital asset issuance platform, digital asset support bond platform, and lending and other CBDC currency "product traceability", "digital identity authentication", "judicial depository", "secure communication"and other basic applications, these LDFs are an important direction for exploring blockchain applications.
2.Select the most widely used blockchain technology as the basic platform
LDF introduced CBDC to use blockchain technology because it is the most mature landing foundation platform. It has the advantages of decentralization, openness, autonomy, anonymity, and tamper resistance. It can make the entire system information highly transparent, its data stability and the reliability is extremely high, which solves the point-to-point trust problem and can reduce transaction and operating costs. At present, the underlying technologies of mainstream digital assets such as Bitcoin, Ethereum, and USDT are all blockchain technologies. At the same time, the application scenarios of the blockchain not only include digital currency, but also include many fields such as "product traceability", "digital identity authentication", "judicial depository", "secure communication" and so on.
3.Interpretation of DCEP and selection of LDF blockchain technology architecture
·DCEP does not use a real blockchain like Libra, but may use a centralized ledger based on the UTXO (Unspent Transaction Output) model, and it still belongs to the Token paradigm. This centralized ledger reflects the digital currency issuance and registration system maintained by the central bank. It does not need to run consensus algorithms and will not be subject to the performance bottleneck of the blockchain. The blockchain may be used for the definitive registration of digital currencies and occupy a subsidiary position.
·Users need to use DCEP wallet. The core of the wallet is a pair of public and private keys. The public key is also the address, where the digital certificate of RMB is stored. This digital certificate is not a token in the blockchain in the complete sense, but it is consistent with the Token in many key features, and it is based on 100% RMB reserve. Users can initiate transfer transactions between addresses through the wallet private key. The transfer transaction is recorded
directly in the centralized ledger by the central bank. In this way, DCEP implements account loose coupling and controlled anonymity.
·Although DCEP is a currency tool, the third-party payment is mainly a payment tool after "disconnecting directly", but there are many similarities between the two. If DCEP is good enough in terms of technical efficiency and business development, and from the perspective of users, third-party payments can bring the same experience after DCEP and "disconnect directly". Therefore, DCEP has a mutual substitution relationship with third-party payment in the application after “disconnecting directly”.
·DCEP will have a tightening effect on M2, and M2 tightening reflects the contraction of the banking system to a certain extent. Digital currency does not pay interest, and the People's Bank of China has no plan to completely replace cash with DCEP, so DCEP will not constitute a new monetary policy tool. DCEP has strong policy implications for central bank monitoring of capital flows, as well as anti-money laundering, anti-terrorist financing and anti-tax evasion. Therefore, the supervisory function of DCEP exceeds that of monetary policy.
·The impact of DCEP on RMB internationalization is mainly reflected in cross-border payments based on digital currencies. Although cross-border payments including DCEP, can promote RMB internationalization, cross-border payment is only a necessary condition for RMB internationalization, not a sufficient one. The internationalization of the RMB is inseparable from a series of institutional arrangements.
4.The effectiveness of digital currencies in the LDF framework
CBDC is positioned as digital cash or currency under the LDF framework, and the remaining various tokens, cryptocurrencies, and stablecoins are treated as digital assets. The application platforms involved in LDF (asset mortgage bond platform, digital asset issuance platform, and lending). The underlying assets of LDF are part of the digital asset equity. The reason why LDF uses CBDC and stable currency as currency is due to
·LDF framework links three financial ecosystems
·CBDC has the characteristics of currency transaction, accounting unit and value storage have been verified
·Stablecoins can be used as a payment tool for token economic platforms, not currencies
The stable currency selected by LDF should effectively play the payment function of the currency, and meet the requirements of the following LDF framework:
·Must be universally accepted
·Must be easy to standardize in order to determine its value
Due to the characteristics of DvP (payment is settlement) based on blockchain technology, LDF's smart contracts have the characteristics of decentralized intermediaries, such as the function of asset account contracts partially replacing account settlement; the asset pool contract replacing SPV, and the cash flow contract replacing assets Payment intermediary
The digital currency selected as an LDF that meets the above standards is very important for the effectiveness of the LDF framework. Otherwise, the platform built by the LDF framework will not be able to achieve the capabilities of distributed ledgers and DAO organizations.
LDF regulatory compliance
LDF chooses CBDC (DCEP) as the construction of digital asset transaction payment platform, which has the characteristics of DvP (asset payment is settlement). It supervises compliance with the selection of digital currencies that support smart contract accounts and trading platforms (anti-money laundering and anti-terrorist financing) has a decisive role.
DCEP takes the form of loosely coupled accounts to achieve controlled anonymity. The current electronic payment methods, such as bank cards and third-party payment platforms, all use the method of tightly coupling accounts, that is, funds must be transferred through real-name bank accounts. But With the improvement of people's awareness of information security, electronic payment cannot meet people's demand for anonymous payment. The digital currency of the central bank adopts the form of loosely coupled accounts, enabling asset transfers without the need for bank accounts, so as to achieve controllable anonymity.
Unlike Bitcoin's complete anonymity, the central bank has the right to obtain the transaction data within the legal scope, and the source
of digital currency can be traced through big data analysis, while other commercial banks and merchants cannot obtain relevant information. This mechanism, while protecting data security and citizen privacy, also enables illegal activities such as money laundering to be effectively supervised.
Association of LDF's DAO Autonomous Economic Model with CBDC
The direct DCB (such as DCEP) or LIBRA of the LDF token can quantify the value of DAO / DAE through a certain transformation and analysis, and predict its future long-term growth rate and the problems to be solved by the economic model, the solution path adopted, and the overall structure design, technological innovation, team composition, development vision and roadmap.
·The LDF economic model transplants the estimation model of the asset value of the general economic system to DAO 2.0 organization and market management, so as to establish a unified evaluation system for the value generated by the distributed autonomous economy (DAE). The endogenous economic growth model considers important parameters such as savings rate, population growth rate, and technological progress as endogenous variables. The long-term growth rate of the economy can be determined by the interior of the model. Moreover, the LDF economic model takes the number of tokens, nodes, and technical inputs of the distributed organization as similar parameters. The CBDC (such as DCEP) or LIBRA directly targeted by the token can quantify the value of DAO / DAE through certain transformation and analysis and predict its long-term growth rate in the future.
·In response to the special needs of transactions and asset on-chain in the blockchain field, the LDF economic model has developed a DAE (Decentralized Autonomous Economic) protocol group specifically designed to eliminate various pain points of decentralization in the blockchain field, and has developed corresponding LDF DAO DAPP, these agreements include:
·Issuance and trading of tokens based on smart contracts ·Distributed order submission and matching
·Transaction interest rate and mortgage method based on automatic discovery mechanism
Therefore, whether it is a community member, an investor, or a blockchain project developer that develops applications on the LDF economic model, it can use the distributed rules, consensus mechanisms, infrastructure, and smart contracts provided by it to achieve the following purposes:
·Encrypted token asset transaction and circulation based on community autonomy
·Issue of new LDF tokens
·Construction, collaboration, management, voting, and decision- making of specific encryption token communities
·Develop a smart contract system for the dual factors of community node rights and workload
·Customized incentive standards for nodes with different interests
Welcome to discuss with the author of this article, please contact via email:jackhy@gmail.com
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