Thursday, February 28, 2019

[Daily Discussion] Friday, March 01, 2019

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[Daily Discussion] Friday, March 01, 2019

Thread topics include, but are not limited to:

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[Daily Discussion] Friday, March 01, 2019

Thread topics include, but are not limited to:

  • General discussion related to the day's events
  • Technical analysis, trading ideas & strategies
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Ethereum bottom thorough opinion

My thorough opinion about the bottom for ethereum and reasons why.

I will keep it short and precise as possible.

Things to consider:

Technical Analysis Known upcoming upgrades to ethereum and their effect on price Known upcoming upgrades to bitcoin and their effect on eth price

Known upcoming ethereum related events and their effect on price Known upcoming bitcoin related events and their effect on eth price

Upcoming crypto related events and their relevance to eth price

Unknown upcoming upgrades to btc or eth which may or may not occur and possible effects on eth price and the probability of them occuring (may be some rough guesswork for probability here)

Unknown upcoming events which may or may not occur and possible effects on eth price (may be some rough guesswork for probability here)

When i say eth price im not going to analyze it each case only how it effects the bottom.

As we know ethereum has just upgrade so congraluations. The effect this should have on price is definitely positive, stable (sideways), or only slightly negative. It will definitely not be majorly negative in itself although price may fluctuate at any time this is highly unlikely to be the cause of a large drop ---- Therefore is a mostly positive/stabilizing factor preventing ethereum from hitting a new low specifically because of this.

+1 Positive +2 Stable:

Total: 1 Positive, 2 Stable, 0 Negative.

As we know they are major upgrades coming which will have the same effect albeit perhaps more strongly but perhaps not depending on LN adoption so the score is the same.

+1 Positive +2 Stable

Total: 2 Positive, 4 Stable, 0 Negative

Upcoming LN adoption really is the big hurdle as well as schnorr signatures and security improvements if needed etc...

This is a positive for bitcoin and also a positive for the crypto market therefore a positive for ethereum as ethereum will scale with sharding + more ways as LN adoption grows too and eth will go up with btc given it remains competetive in its capabilities.

This however is a while out and therefore does not have negative effects on current bear market but also does not bring positive effects therefore it is more a stabilizer.

+1 Stable

Total 2 Positive, 5 Stable, 0 Negative

In terms of btc or eth events there is no knowledge of timing but i think ETF won't be approved anytime soon but if it does it may be a negative for ETH as people flock to bitcoin and ethereum wants its own ETF. Given the timing considerations this is not a strong negative for current bear market for this iteration of the bear market.

+1.5 Negative

Total 2 Positive, 5 Stable, 1.5 Negative

Another event is eth added to more exchanges which it probably doesn't have many or any that it is not already on so this isn't counted here.

in terms of crypto related events.

Another event is an international/country specific crackdown on crypto which is unlikely to happen but the effect the media has is significant on price but is partly but not totally outweight by other perceptions.

+2 Negative

Total 2 Positive, 5 Stable, 3.5 Negative

Also unbanning or allowing of crypto in places where it is restricted may be a possibility although it would probably require some advanced security upgrades to solve the custody problem and also crack down on the small few percent using crypto for purposes against their countries laws. This is a real possiblity at the moment i cannot explain why completely but i can confirm such upgrades are and should be technically possible without harming the general philosophy of the community.

+1 Positive

Total 3 Positive, 5 Stable, 3.5 Negative

In terms of unknown upgrades this was referred to in the previous section.

In terms of technical analysis it can't really tell us what the bottom is but for BTC the last major drop was around 84% or so and this current bottom for btc is around that level too so we can say the bottom for btc is kind of close and is at least 85% likely ethereum bottom is close too.

This is a positive for eth price

+1 Positive

Total 3 Positive, 5 Stable, 3.5 Negative

When cancelling out it equates to:

0 Positive, 5 Stable, 0.5 Negative

which indicates to me that the price is most likely to go sideways and not hit a new low however there is still the 0.5 negative to consider therefore it is actually slightly more likely we will hit a new low but only by a small and not massive margin.

I would like to believe that the max low has already occured but to be specific if i had to choose i do not think it has yet.

Looking at T.A levels of support i would have to choose $45-$50 as the most likely support level given only a total negative of 0.5 and the t.a saying we are most likely still in a bear market. The macro trend of the T.A and the event analysis total tells me btc may double bottom at around 3200 while ethereum may go a little lower. It is also a possibility that bitcoin go below 3k but less likely in my opinion.

There was also the event of more wealthy individuals being advices by theri financial advisors to invest in eth or btc as an unnoficial recoomendation which is why i do not think we will go below 3k as insititutional related investors may make their own private decisions too now given 10 years of btc records etc..

So i would say given the stability factors the most likely bottom for eth is probably around $55.


[Daily Discussion] Friday, March 01, 2019

Thread topics include, but are not limited to:

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[Altcoin Discussion] Friday, March 01, 2019

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  • All regular rules for this subreddit apply, except for number 2. This, and only this, thread is exempt from the requirement that all discussion must relate to bitcoin trading.
  • This is for high quality discussion of altcoins. All shilling or obvious pumping/dumping behavior will result in an immediate one day ban. This is your only warning.
  • No discussion about specific ICOs. Established coins only.

If you're not sure what kind of discussion belongs in this thread, here are some example posts. News, TA, and sentiment analysis are great, too.

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[Daily Discussion] Friday, March 01, 2019

Thread topics include, but are not limited to:

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[Daily Discussion] Friday, March 01, 2019

Thread topics include, but are not limited to:

  • General discussion related to the day's events
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  • Quick questions that do not warrant a separate post

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[Daily Discussion] Friday, March 01, 2019

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[Daily Discussion] Friday, March 01, 2019

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Crypto Investors Launch #DeleteCoinbase Campaign On Social Media To Boycott Recent Actions - Bitcoin Exchange Guide

https://bitcoinexchangeguide.com/crypto-investors-launch-deletecoinbase-campaign-on-social-media-to-boycott-recent-actions/

[Daily Discussion] Thursday, February 28, 2019

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Atomic-wallet

As far back as the blockchain presentation and headway the advancement has been the best individuals has ever watched, making a ton of shots and improvement in every task, shelter seen the great conditions and limit it has made business to grasp this development. This has brief the huge gathering of the blockchain advancement. We can't examine the blockchain advancement without talking about computerized cash cryptocurrency) since this is the cash expected to tackle it. The essential Cryptocurrency made, Bitcoin was attempted to decentralize the portion system and completed conveyed portion which wo exclude any dealer. Influencing individuals to have and manage their focal points themselves. This moreover speedy the tremendous adaption of the Cryptocurrency which made extended in expenses and market volume. Despite the favorable circumstances and focal points of the blockchain and cryptographic cash there still lies a couple of issues making it not to render what it was planned for. This issues has moreover brief the gigantic loss of advantages and budgetary pros in the crypto space causing lower cost among others.

This issues joins, uniting, issues of trust, shortcoming, bearings, straightforwardness, publicize control, high trade charges and solidness. Most of this keeps impacting the Cryptocurrency space every day this and numerous requires an enduring and moderate arrangement which is the thing that ATOMIC WALLET is here to deal with.

📷

https://i.redd.it/419ay6vvsdj21.jpg

Atomic Wallet plans to give each crypto customers the full good position and preferred standpoint of what computerized cash which it was made for. Has we all in all have assorted advanced money wallets Atomic wallet also works thusly anyway excellent with latest development and included bewildering features.

Atomic Wallet is a decentralized multi computer

📷

https://i.redd.it/q5idn172tdj21.jpg

terized cash wallet worked for lighthearted, straightforwardness, changeless and cryptographic cash trading. The Atomic wallet is available for both phones ( Android and IOS) and PCs ( Windows, Mac OS, Ubuntu and Linux) which can be downloaded from the atomic webpage or application store . Atomic wallet is worked with customers sincere interface and UX which engages customers viably open the application, this has been an issue to customers using other wallet most don't have this totally consolidated into them and give customers dreadful events getting to their benefits.

WEBSITE | WHITE PAPER |TWITTER|FACEBOOK |TELEGRAM |ANN

WRITER’S BTT USERNAME: PrissMCclen

WRITTER’S BTT PROFILE LINK: https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=profile;u=2253210


[Daily Discussion] Thursday, February 28, 2019

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Confused by Crypto? Here’s a Guide to Bitcoin for Dummies

https://coincentral.com/bitcoin-for-dummies/

Confused by Crypto? Here’s a Guide to Bitcoin for Dummies - CoinCentral

https://coincentral.com/bitcoin-for-dummies/

Confused by Crypto? Here’s a Guide to Bitcoin for Dummies - CoinCentral

https://coincentral.com/bitcoin-for-dummies/

[Daily Discussion] Thursday, February 28, 2019

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P2P platform Hodl Hodl launches prediction service used blockchain

https://i.redd.it/lxlfy8fs7dj21.jpg

Cryptocurrency p2p platform Hodl Hodl launches a prediction service. Platform Hodl Hodl just yesterday, February 27, announced a new product called "Predictions". Its launch is expected this spring, and as some representatives of the exchange think, the project can be a very useful tool for the Bitcoin ecosystem.

The meaning of this product is to create a special service where you can enter into a contract with another user, payment for which depends on the outcome of a particular event. Well, for example - we create a contract, where one user believes that by May 2019 the price of Bitcoin will rise above $ 5000, and the other does not agree with this. The terms of the contract state that each party sends to the escrow address of 1 BTC, and in May the winner of the dispute receives 2 BTC.

In the role of "judge" is a third party who decides on the outcome of the dispute and rewards the winner. Although, as representatives of Hodl Hodl say, there is a much more interesting scheme. Earlier this service launched multisig contracts "2 of 3". Using them, platform users were able to trade using an escrow, using only two keys out of three. As stated in the platform’s blog, contracts of this type require only two of the three keys to release funds, which belong to the buyer, the seller and the service itself, respectively. Under an ideal scenario, both parties agree on the outcome of the contract, since neither of them can unilaterally return the funds locked in the escrow.

But even if there is a dispute, Hodl Hodl reserves the chance to intervene with a third key, which can be used to sign the transaction in favor of the party who guessed the outcome. By the way, Hodl Hodl, as always, does not have access to funds. Thus, this project can be called a blockchain-based prediction service (peer-to-peer).

Contracts themselves are not limited to the price of Bitcoin and can be created for a variety of situations. This includes election results, the price of oil or other assets, or even the weather forecast. The only condition that the exchange sets up and intends to moderate its observance is that the contracts do not contain anything illegal and cannot be interpreted in two ways.

Additionally, the service offers the possibility of creating contract coefficients and establishing minimum volumes. For example, in a contract with a ratio of 1 to 10, the contract creator sends 1 BTC to escrow, and the party that accepts it - 10 BTC. If the opposite party is not ready to send such an amount, and, for example, has only 5 BTC, then the contract creator sends 0.5 BTC.

This is what the representatives of Hodl Hodl say - “We believe that this will be an ideal and much-needed ecosystem tool. We especially want to point out that this is not gambling. Gambling, as a rule, is associated with the expectation of instant profit, quick execution and randomness. Prediction markets work differently - they focus on longer terms, financial planning and responsibility. And, of course, the Bitcoins themselves are stored on the escrow address, which is incomparable in terms of security with the storage of funds on centralized exchanges. ”

No need to be a predictor to understand that Bitcoin will rise in price again by the end of the year. Therefore, now is the time to buy chock. The best platform for buying or selling cryptocurrency is Bitteam. This is where fiat money can be exchanged for cryptocurrency with a minimum commission of 0.2%! This is a peer-to-peer service for the exchange of cryptocurrency between users without intermediaries. The platform itself acts as a guarantor in transactions (via the Escrow system), which guarantees the security of all transactions.

List of coins:

Bitcoin (BTC);

Ethereum (ETH);

Litecoin (LTC);

Bitcoin cash (BCH);

Tether (USDT);

Prizm (PZM);

BitTeamToken (BTT);

in the process of connecting Stellar (XLM).

You can now invest by buying Bitcoin used lowest commission on site Bit.team

#BitTeam #BTT #tokensale #P2P #exchange #Marketplace #CDC #ICO #cryptocurrency #bitcoin


[Daily Discussion] Thursday, February 28, 2019

Thread topics include, but are not limited to:

  • General discussion related to the day's events
  • Technical analysis, trading ideas & strategies
  • Quick questions that do not warrant a separate post

Thread guidelines:

  • Be excellent to each other.
  • Do not make posts outside of the daily thread for the topics mentioned above.

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[Daily Discussion] Thursday, February 28, 2019

Thread topics include, but are not limited to:

  • General discussion related to the day's events
  • Technical analysis, trading ideas & strategies
  • Quick questions that do not warrant a separate post

Thread guidelines:

  • Be excellent to each other.
  • Do not make posts outside of the daily thread for the topics mentioned above.

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CoinCasso ICO

https://i.redd.it/biqlqoaatcj21.jpg

CoinCasso is a multifunctional, multi-layered design and hybrid exchange that combines the advantages of centralized and decentralized exchange.

Platform of crypto-currency exchanges and ATM network

CoinCasso exchange is the first licensed cryptocurrency exchange platform in Estonia, and the chkb and ATM network shares its own profits with its members.

About CoinCasso

CoinCasso group, which includes Estonian licensed bitcoin exchange CoinCasso exchange, creating unique solutions that support the exchange of cryptocurrencies. In addition, the entire project will also include a network of ATMs-BTC, which will begin in the second half of 2019. Also includes the introduction of mobile applications, PC applications and POS related to the entire infrastructure.

The entire infrastructure is created for the receipt of fees charged in exchange for intermediation in transactions. This is the only system in the world that pays up to 80% of its profits between the owners of the chkb token - CoinCasso token exchange.

How It Works?

The token was issued BY PBC PBC about Australia and is based on the popular and proven blockchain technology. This is an ERC-20 token based on Ethereum. It is a well-known, versatile and secure solution that provides high transparency and a variety of opportunities to store and store tokens for its owners.

Instant withdrawals

Chkb tokens are available immediately and you can instantly withdraw funds to your dedicated address using the meta mask or ImToken app.

Cryptocurrency exchange

Guaranteed trading of chkb tokens will be available on the cryptocurrency exchange platform of our partner immediately after the sale of the event.

The benefits of the holders of CCX

The PBC token allows you to participate in a company's profit share and purchase services and membership on our platforms.

About the token as currency

Use the token as a regular currency with unlimited and free transfers between users and services on the entire CoinCasso platform.

Join the revolutionary CoinCasso exchange platform. Buy tokens during the sale and become a part of a big project. 12 we accept payments in the cryptocurrency.

use of funds

30% - exchange platform development

20% - event marketing and

15% - ATM network

10% - liquidity

10% - mobile wallet Development and apps paid

5% - payment gateway

The 5% limit of the operating company

5% - product monitoring and research

Using cryptocurrency exchanges has never been easier. Discover our new mobile app CoinCasso and get access to their funds together with you.

Different devices are compatible

The application will be available to users of our platform with software that allows installation on most popular mobile devices.

Exchange cryptocurrency with your fingertips.

Get access to all the features of the trading platform wherever you are.

Receive, send and pay

CoinCasso pay is a solution that integrates a wallet and a payment system, making the use of cryptocurrency easier than ever.

Download The Document

A white paper is an authoritative report or guide that informs readers about a complex issue and presents the philosophy of the issuing body on the subject. It is designed to help readers understand a problem, solve a problem, or make a decision.

Marketers create technical documents to inform their audience about a specific problem, or explain and promote a specific methodology. 

frequently asked question

Frequently asked questions (FAQs) or Questions and answers (Q & a), lists the questions and answers, all of which are usually asked in some context

What is a CoinCasso exchange?

The CoinCasso division of the exchange is a partner of the CoinCasso project - it is an existing company registered and licensed in Estonia (European Union), and now the entire platform is available in beta for partners and holders of the CCC tokens, as well as in a place where you can now buy and sell cryptocurrencies against the Euro. In the future you will be able to trade here with many other currencies including the chkb

What is the CCX ERC20 token?

The ERC20 CCX token is a cryptocurrency built on the decentralized Ethereum block. The Maximum number of tokens set 100 000 000 chkb subject to reduction of the offer. It is a proven and fully adaptable technology and open source that provides secure, simple and fast transmission. We are also prepared for an emergency, in case of failure of the main network, we will provide an opportunity to update the token software.

How many CCX tokens should I buy?

A larger number of tokens is an opportunity to receive more attractive bonuses, and an opportunity to use a wider range of services with more favorable discounts and lower fees. However, everyone has to decide how many chkb tokens he should buy.

What happens to unsold tokens?

Because of the very attractive price business concept and we firmly believe that everything will be sold. However, in the case of an unsold planned amount of CSA tokens, the remaining tokens will be destroyed algorithmically. There is no technical possibility to increase or produce any one token in circulation again. According to the article, the company can store only 20% of tokens.

How can I use CCX tokens?

Pro Tokens, depending on the number of devices you own, give you the opportunity to receive lower fees for transactions on the CoinCasso exchange platform and receive a large Commission for joining. You can become a part of our authority and influence on the development of the project. In addition, it gives you the opportunity to purchase membership packages that give you the opportunity to take advantage of the CoinCasso product group.

Where and when will I be able to trade tokens CCX?

Initial trading will be possible on this sales platform and after the sale event it will be presented to our exchange CoinCasso within 30 days.

What is the probability of a successful coincasso exchange token project [CCX]?

The cryptocurrency market is a young, fast-growing infrastructure characterized by high exchange rate fluctuations. Given the complexity of the CoinCasso token exchange project and the very attractive benefits of participating in it, we can safely assume that this project will quickly become popular. Currently, innovative solutions that solve the problems of average users are counting on the cryptocurrency market. CoinCasso token exchange allows the average user to leave the speculator area and, in some cases, take advantage of the passive advantages that have so far been possible only for large businesses. This is an innovative solution that will ensure the success of this project. CoinCasso is not just another exchange carotovorum, this is a game changer.

What will be the speculative value of the chkb token within 2 years?

For these assumptions, it is worth taking into account several important factors, such as: low initial token sale price, project assumptions and the possibility of reducing the number of chkb tokens in the case of selling the estimated amount. We must understand that the price of the CCX token will also depend heavily on the daily turnover of the entire CoinCasso infrastructure. Taking into account the above-mentioned factors, as well as historical data, it can be assumed that the price of the chkb in the next 2 years can bring several tens or even several hundred percent of the profits from the tokens themselves as speculative units.

How can I buy CCX tokens?

Currently, the CoinCasso exchange tokens [CCX] can be purchased through the official website of matches and events. You can pay via cryptocurrency CoinPayments cryptocurrency such as: [BTS], [NTC], [VSN], [Et], [D], [dash], ["DGB"], [LSK], [waves], [currency code XMR], [boss], [Zen]. Additionally via PerfectMoney in USD

When to sell bitcoin?

ERC20, including Pro tokens, can be stored on all platforms and payment processors that support them. However, we recommend that you keep Pro tokens as well as other cryptocurrencies always in places and wallets in which you have full control over private keys and with the ability to create a backup. It is worth considering MetaMask (Google Chrome app) or ImToken (mobile app). You should always backup your wallets, and if you store more resources, diversify their storage. The CCX token is also compatible with devices such as Ledger Nano S

Website: https://coincasso.io/

Whitepaper: https://coincasso.io/ENGLISH\_CoinCasso\_official\_PLV1.pdf

Bounty0x ID: ecamli



[Daily Discussion] Thursday, February 28, 2019

Thread topics include, but are not limited to:

  • General discussion related to the day's events
  • Technical analysis, trading ideas & strategies
  • Quick questions that do not warrant a separate post

Thread guidelines:

  • Be excellent to each other.
  • Do not make posts outside of the daily thread for the topics mentioned above.

Other ways to interact:


CoinCasso ICO

https://i.redd.it/biqlqoaatcj21.jpg

CoinCasso is a multifunctional, multi-layered design and hybrid exchange that combines the advantages of centralized and decentralized exchange.

Platform of crypto-currency exchanges and ATM network

CoinCasso exchange is the first licensed cryptocurrency exchange platform in Estonia, and the chkb and ATM network shares its own profits with its members.

About CoinCasso

CoinCasso group, which includes Estonian licensed bitcoin exchange CoinCasso exchange, creating unique solutions that support the exchange of cryptocurrencies. In addition, the entire project will also include a network of ATMs-BTC, which will begin in the second half of 2019. Also includes the introduction of mobile applications, PC applications and POS related to the entire infrastructure.

The entire infrastructure is created for the receipt of fees charged in exchange for intermediation in transactions. This is the only system in the world that pays up to 80% of its profits between the owners of the chkb token - CoinCasso token exchange.

How It Works?

The token was issued BY PBC PBC about Australia and is based on the popular and proven blockchain technology. This is an ERC-20 token based on Ethereum. It is a well-known, versatile and secure solution that provides high transparency and a variety of opportunities to store and store tokens for its owners.

Instant withdrawals

Chkb tokens are available immediately and you can instantly withdraw funds to your dedicated address using the meta mask or ImToken app.

Cryptocurrency exchange

Guaranteed trading of chkb tokens will be available on the cryptocurrency exchange platform of our partner immediately after the sale of the event.

The benefits of the holders of CCX

The PBC token allows you to participate in a company's profit share and purchase services and membership on our platforms.

About the token as currency

Use the token as a regular currency with unlimited and free transfers between users and services on the entire CoinCasso platform.

Join the revolutionary CoinCasso exchange platform. Buy tokens during the sale and become a part of a big project. 12 we accept payments in the cryptocurrency.

use of funds

30% - exchange platform development

20% - event marketing and

15% - ATM network

10% - liquidity

10% - mobile wallet Development and apps paid

5% - payment gateway

The 5% limit of the operating company

5% - product monitoring and research

Using cryptocurrency exchanges has never been easier. Discover our new mobile app CoinCasso and get access to their funds together with you.

Different devices are compatible

The application will be available to users of our platform with software that allows installation on most popular mobile devices.

Exchange cryptocurrency with your fingertips.

Get access to all the features of the trading platform wherever you are.

Receive, send and pay

CoinCasso pay is a solution that integrates a wallet and a payment system, making the use of cryptocurrency easier than ever.

Download The Document

A white paper is an authoritative report or guide that informs readers about a complex issue and presents the philosophy of the issuing body on the subject. It is designed to help readers understand a problem, solve a problem, or make a decision.

Marketers create technical documents to inform their audience about a specific problem, or explain and promote a specific methodology. 

frequently asked question

Frequently asked questions (FAQs) or Questions and answers (Q & a), lists the questions and answers, all of which are usually asked in some context

What is a CoinCasso exchange?

The CoinCasso division of the exchange is a partner of the CoinCasso project - it is an existing company registered and licensed in Estonia (European Union), and now the entire platform is available in beta for partners and holders of the CCC tokens, as well as in a place where you can now buy and sell cryptocurrencies against the Euro. In the future you will be able to trade here with many other currencies including the chkb

What is the CCX ERC20 token?

The ERC20 CCX token is a cryptocurrency built on the decentralized Ethereum block. The Maximum number of tokens set 100 000 000 chkb subject to reduction of the offer. It is a proven and fully adaptable technology and open source that provides secure, simple and fast transmission. We are also prepared for an emergency, in case of failure of the main network, we will provide an opportunity to update the token software.

How many CCX tokens should I buy?

A larger number of tokens is an opportunity to receive more attractive bonuses, and an opportunity to use a wider range of services with more favorable discounts and lower fees. However, everyone has to decide how many chkb tokens he should buy.

What happens to unsold tokens?

Because of the very attractive price business concept and we firmly believe that everything will be sold. However, in the case of an unsold planned amount of CSA tokens, the remaining tokens will be destroyed algorithmically. There is no technical possibility to increase or produce any one token in circulation again. According to the article, the company can store only 20% of tokens.

How can I use CCX tokens?

Pro Tokens, depending on the number of devices you own, give you the opportunity to receive lower fees for transactions on the CoinCasso exchange platform and receive a large Commission for joining. You can become a part of our authority and influence on the development of the project. In addition, it gives you the opportunity to purchase membership packages that give you the opportunity to take advantage of the CoinCasso product group.

Where and when will I be able to trade tokens CCX?

Initial trading will be possible on this sales platform and after the sale event it will be presented to our exchange CoinCasso within 30 days.

What is the probability of a successful coincasso exchange token project [CCX]?

The cryptocurrency market is a young, fast-growing infrastructure characterized by high exchange rate fluctuations. Given the complexity of the CoinCasso token exchange project and the very attractive benefits of participating in it, we can safely assume that this project will quickly become popular. Currently, innovative solutions that solve the problems of average users are counting on the cryptocurrency market. CoinCasso token exchange allows the average user to leave the speculator area and, in some cases, take advantage of the passive advantages that have so far been possible only for large businesses. This is an innovative solution that will ensure the success of this project. CoinCasso is not just another exchange carotovorum, this is a game changer.

What will be the speculative value of the chkb token within 2 years?

For these assumptions, it is worth taking into account several important factors, such as: low initial token sale price, project assumptions and the possibility of reducing the number of chkb tokens in the case of selling the estimated amount. We must understand that the price of the CCX token will also depend heavily on the daily turnover of the entire CoinCasso infrastructure. Taking into account the above-mentioned factors, as well as historical data, it can be assumed that the price of the chkb in the next 2 years can bring several tens or even several hundred percent of the profits from the tokens themselves as speculative units.

How can I buy CCX tokens?

Currently, the CoinCasso exchange tokens [CCX] can be purchased through the official website of matches and events. You can pay via cryptocurrency CoinPayments cryptocurrency such as: [BTS], [NTC], [VSN], [Et], [D], [dash], ["DGB"], [LSK], [waves], [currency code XMR], [boss], [Zen]. Additionally via PerfectMoney in USD

When to sell bitcoin?

ERC20, including Pro tokens, can be stored on all platforms and payment processors that support them. However, we recommend that you keep Pro tokens as well as other cryptocurrencies always in places and wallets in which you have full control over private keys and with the ability to create a backup. It is worth considering MetaMask (Google Chrome app) or ImToken (mobile app). You should always backup your wallets, and if you store more resources, diversify their storage. The CCX token is also compatible with devices such as Ledger Nano S

Website: https://coincasso.io/

Whitepaper: https://coincasso.io/ENGLISH\_CoinCasso\_official\_PLV1.pdf

Bounty0x ID: ecamli


[Daily Discussion] Thursday, February 28, 2019

Thread topics include, but are not limited to:

  • General discussion related to the day's events
  • Technical analysis, trading ideas & strategies
  • Quick questions that do not warrant a separate post

Thread guidelines:

  • Be excellent to each other.
  • Do not make posts outside of the daily thread for the topics mentioned above.

Other ways to interact:


Bitcoin job scam

Got this email the other day while looking for a job, what is going on here?

"My name's (removed name and phone number)

I'll personally guide you through the job description and if you're interested I'll help you out with the application process to ensure that you integrate in our team as smoothly and quickly as possible.

I enclose files that will help you better understand the position and familiarize yourself with the application papers:

  1. Employment agreement
  2. Registration form
  3. Useful links

I also wanted to point out that at this moment we offer work from home, but after opening an office in Australia you will be provided with an opportunity to work in our office.

Please also find out a step by step instruction on how the exchange/buy/sell bitcoins transactions are being processed:

  1. Our client from your country submits a bitcoin purchase request to us.
  2. We provide him with a customer support agent's bank account details for the payment.
  3. Our client transfers the payment via his (her) bank account and notifies us.
  4. We inform you by phone and email that the bitcoin purchase transaction has been made. And send you an email with the bitcoin purchase information and client's bitcoin details. This operation will require from you to withdraw the money at your bank branch and to be fulfilled at the bitcoin ATM machine in your city to the given details.

Once you're ready to start, please fill out & sign the Employment Agreement and the registration form in the attachment.

If you have any further questions, please do not hesitate to contact me.

Look forward to hearing from you soon.

Best regards, CoinFamily Limited"



DIRECTIONS ON HOW TO PURCHASE BTC WITH CREDIT CARD.

Hello friends, Good day all, I have something very important to teach mostly those that still finds it difficult. Atomic wallet brought a good news about its useful users buying BTC with their credit card, waoooo...the big question now is, How come? So we are going to learn. I will break the process down.

Substance

Purchase BTC with a bank card?

Rates and Security?

Well ordered guide

Download Atomic Wallet with Buy Crypto alternative

As crypto turns out to be increasingly prevalent, numerous individuals still know next to no about Bitcoin, how to purchase BTC, oversee or use it. One of the most effortless approach to consolidate every one of these things is Atomic Wallet.

Step by step instructions to purchase Bitcoin with Credit Card

You can purchase Bitcoin with VISA or MasterCard directly in the interface of Atomic Wallet and convert your USD or EUR to BTC.

Regardless of whether you have a JPY, CAD or some other money card, those monetary forms are consequently changed over to either EUR or USD, contingent upon your decision. It's very simple to utilize and doesn't require explicit tech aptitudes.

The wallet enables you with an abnormal state security with an advantageous and clear interface, 300+ coins and tokens support, worked in cryptographic money trade and atomic swaps. Our maxim is "Just you control your assets!" and it's 100% valid. Private keys are produced out of a special memory aide seed and safely kept on your gadget, so this is just YOU who controls them.

FIXED CHARGES The charges are fixed at 2%. Every task is completely directed by Simplex, an EU authorized card preparing organization. You pick a sum and cash to purchase and check your ID. At that point your bank holds assets until Simplex endorses the demand and makes a trade. When in doubt, you get crypto in 24 hours. Something else, if there should be an occurrence of some issue, you get a decay and get a full discount. We should investigate the entire procedure in subtleties.

HOW TO PURCHASE BTC. To purchase Bitcoin with USD or EUR, pursue straightforward advances:

  1. Download and introduce the application.

  2. Snap on the "Purchase crypto" tab in the left menu and pick BTC, ETH, LTC or BCH:

  3. Round out the Billing Info

  4. Enter the installment subtleties

  5. Confirm your telephone and email

This is all needed from you to do in order to purchase Btc successfully.

You will get crypto on your wallet. In the event that you need to check your exchange ID, at that point open Transaction History tab.

CONTACT ATOMIC WALLET.

Android download : https://play.google.com/store/apps/deta ... omicwallet

Website : https://atomicwallet.io



DIRECTIONS ON HOW TO PURCHASE BTC WITH CREDIT CARD.

Hello friends, Good day all, I have something very important to teach mostly those that still finds it difficult. Atomic wallet brought a good news about its useful users buying BTC with their credit card, waoooo...the big question now is, How come? So we are going to learn. I will break the process down.

Substance

Purchase BTC with a bank card?

Rates and Security?

Well ordered guide

Download Atomic Wallet with Buy Crypto alternative

As crypto turns out to be increasingly prevalent, numerous individuals still know next to no about Bitcoin, how to purchase BTC, oversee or use it. One of the most effortless approach to consolidate every one of these things is Atomic Wallet.

Step by step instructions to purchase Bitcoin with Credit Card

You can purchase Bitcoin with VISA or MasterCard directly in the interface of Atomic Wallet and convert your USD or EUR to BTC.

Regardless of whether you have a JPY, CAD or some other money card, those monetary forms are consequently changed over to either EUR or USD, contingent upon your decision. It's very simple to utilize and doesn't require explicit tech aptitudes.

The wallet enables you with an abnormal state security with an advantageous and clear interface, 300+ coins and tokens support, worked in cryptographic money trade and atomic swaps. Our maxim is "Just you control your assets!" and it's 100% valid. Private keys are produced out of a special memory aide seed and safely kept on your gadget, so this is just YOU who controls them.

FIXED CHARGES The charges are fixed at 2%. Every task is completely directed by Simplex, an EU authorized card preparing organization. You pick a sum and cash to purchase and check your ID. At that point your bank holds assets until Simplex endorses the demand and makes a trade. When in doubt, you get crypto in 24 hours. Something else, if there should be an occurrence of some issue, you get a decay and get a full discount. We should investigate the entire procedure in subtleties.

HOW TO PURCHASE BTC. To purchase Bitcoin with USD or EUR, pursue straightforward advances:

  1. Download and introduce the application.

  2. Snap on the "Purchase crypto" tab in the left menu and pick BTC, ETH, LTC or BCH:

  3. Round out the Billing Info

  4. Enter the installment subtleties

  5. Confirm your telephone and email

This is all needed from you to do in order to purchase Btc successfully.

You will get crypto on your wallet. In the event that you need to check your exchange ID, at that point open Transaction History tab.

CONTACT ATOMIC WALLET.

Android download : https://play.google.com/store/apps/deta ... omicwallet

Website : https://atomicwallet.io



DIRECTIONS ON HOW TO PURCHASE BTC WITH CREDIT CARD.

Hello friends, Good day all, I have something very important to teach mostly those that still finds it difficult. Atomic wallet brought a good news about its useful users buying BTC with their credit card, waoooo...the big question now is, How come? So we are going to learn. I will break the process down.

Substance

Purchase BTC with a bank card?

Rates and Security?

Well ordered guide

Download Atomic Wallet with Buy Crypto alternative

As crypto turns out to be increasingly prevalent, numerous individuals still know next to no about Bitcoin, how to purchase BTC, oversee or use it. One of the most effortless approach to consolidate every one of these things is Atomic Wallet.

Step by step instructions to purchase Bitcoin with Credit Card

You can purchase Bitcoin with VISA or MasterCard directly in the interface of Atomic Wallet and convert your USD or EUR to BTC.

Regardless of whether you have a JPY, CAD or some other money card, those monetary forms are consequently changed over to either EUR or USD, contingent upon your decision. It's very simple to utilize and doesn't require explicit tech aptitudes.

The wallet enables you with an abnormal state security with an advantageous and clear interface, 300+ coins and tokens support, worked in cryptographic money trade and atomic swaps. Our maxim is "Just you control your assets!" and it's 100% valid. Private keys are produced out of a special memory aide seed and safely kept on your gadget, so this is just YOU who controls them.

FIXED CHARGES The charges are fixed at 2%. Every task is completely directed by Simplex, an EU authorized card preparing organization. You pick a sum and cash to purchase and check your ID. At that point your bank holds assets until Simplex endorses the demand and makes a trade. When in doubt, you get crypto in 24 hours. Something else, if there should be an occurrence of some issue, you get a decay and get a full discount. We should investigate the entire procedure in subtleties.

HOW TO PURCHASE BTC. To purchase Bitcoin with USD or EUR, pursue straightforward advances:

  1. Download and introduce the application.

  2. Snap on the "Purchase crypto" tab in the left menu and pick BTC, ETH, LTC or BCH:

  3. Round out the Billing Info

  4. Enter the installment subtleties

  5. Confirm your telephone and email

This is all needed from you to do in order to purchase Btc successfully.

You will get crypto on your wallet. In the event that you need to check your exchange ID, at that point open Transaction History tab.

CONTACT ATOMIC WALLET.

Android download : https://play.google.com/store/apps/deta ... omicwallet

Website : https://atomicwallet.io


DIRECTIONS ON HOW TO PURCHASE BTC WITH CREDIT CARD.

Hello friends, Good day all, I have something very important to teach mostly those that still finds it difficult. Atomic wallet brought a good news about its useful users buying BTC with their credit card, waoooo...the big question now is, How come? So we are going to learn. I will break the process down.

Substance

Purchase BTC with a bank card?

Rates and Security?

Well ordered guide

Download Atomic Wallet with Buy Crypto alternative

As crypto turns out to be increasingly prevalent, numerous individuals still know next to no about Bitcoin, how to purchase BTC, oversee or use it. One of the most effortless approach to consolidate every one of these things is Atomic Wallet.

Step by step instructions to purchase Bitcoin with Credit Card

You can purchase Bitcoin with VISA or MasterCard directly in the interface of Atomic Wallet and convert your USD or EUR to BTC.

Regardless of whether you have a JPY, CAD or some other money card, those monetary forms are consequently changed over to either EUR or USD, contingent upon your decision. It's very simple to utilize and doesn't require explicit tech aptitudes.

The wallet enables you with an abnormal state security with an advantageous and clear interface, 300+ coins and tokens support, worked in cryptographic money trade and atomic swaps. Our maxim is "Just you control your assets!" and it's 100% valid. Private keys are produced out of a special memory aide seed and safely kept on your gadget, so this is just YOU who controls them.

FIXED CHARGES The charges are fixed at 2%. Every task is completely directed by Simplex, an EU authorized card preparing organization. You pick a sum and cash to purchase and check your ID. At that point your bank holds assets until Simplex endorses the demand and makes a trade. When in doubt, you get crypto in 24 hours. Something else, if there should be an occurrence of some issue, you get a decay and get a full discount. We should investigate the entire procedure in subtleties.

HOW TO PURCHASE BTC. To purchase Bitcoin with USD or EUR, pursue straightforward advances:

  1. Download and introduce the application.

  2. Snap on the "Purchase crypto" tab in the left menu and pick BTC, ETH, LTC or BCH:

  3. Round out the Billing Info

  4. Enter the installment subtleties

  5. Confirm your telephone and email

This is all needed from you to do in order to purchase Btc successfully.

You will get crypto on your wallet. In the event that you need to check your exchange ID, at that point open Transaction History tab.

CONTACT ATOMIC WALLET.

Android download : https://play.google.com/store/apps/deta ... omicwallet

Website : https://atomicwallet.io


[uncensored-r/Bitcoin] MimbleWimble should be applied at Bitcoin as a soft fork. This story is no less exciting than Bit...

The following post by Xeon4D is being replicated because some comments within the post(but not the post itself) have been silently removed.

The original post can be found(in censored form) at this link:

np.reddit.com/r/ Bitcoin/comments/av1t0i

The original post's content was as follows:


https://cryptodetail.com/mimblewimble-protocol-guide



[Daily Discussion] Thursday, February 28, 2019

Thread topics include, but are not limited to:

  • General discussion related to the day's events
  • Technical analysis, trading ideas & strategies
  • Quick questions that do not warrant a separate post

Thread guidelines:

  • Be excellent to each other.
  • Do not make posts outside of the daily thread for the topics mentioned above.

Other ways to interact:


[Daily Discussion] Thursday, February 28, 2019

Thread topics include, but are not limited to:

  • General discussion related to the day's events
  • Technical analysis, trading ideas & strategies
  • Quick questions that do not warrant a separate post

Thread guidelines:

  • Be excellent to each other.
  • Do not make posts outside of the daily thread for the topics mentioned above.

Other ways to interact:


[Daily Discussion] Thursday, February 28, 2019

Thread topics include, but are not limited to:

  • General discussion related to the day's events
  • Technical analysis, trading ideas & strategies
  • Quick questions that do not warrant a separate post

Thread guidelines:

  • Be excellent to each other.
  • Do not make posts outside of the daily thread for the topics mentioned above.

Other ways to interact:


List of Today's and Tomorrow's Upcoming Events

I will be bringing you upcoming events/announcements every day. If you want improvements to this post, please mention /u/houseme in the comments. We will make improvements based on your feedback.

 

https://kryptocal.com | /r/kryptocal | Android | iOS | Telegram Interactive Bot (add cryptocalapp_bot) | Telegram Channel @kryptocal

 

ADD AN EVENT

If you like an event to be added, click Submit Event, and we will do the rest.

 

NEXT DAY UPCOMING EVENTS


 

General

Stack Bonus Month 1 February 28, 2019
Masternode Promotion Ends February 28, 2019
Trade.io Competition Ends February 28, 2019
50% Of Total Supply Burn February 28, 2019
TRON(TRX) 3.5 Hardfork Launch February 28, 2019
Aeternity(AE) End Of Phase 1 Of Migration February 28, 2019
Po.et(POE) E-book Registry February 28, 2019
SIRIN LABS Token(SRN) Finney on Amazon February 28, 2019
Melon(MLN) V1.0 Deployment February 28, 2019
Genesis Vision(GVT) Product Update February 28, 2019
Spectrecoin(XSPEC) V3.x Public Beta February 28, 2019
Hubii Network(HBT) Nahmii Mainnet Phase 2 February 28, 2019
SingularityNET(AGI) Full Beta Release February 28, 2019
Hydro Protocol(HOT) Closed Alpha Tesnet February 28, 2019
WePower(WPR) Balancing & Regulation February 28, 2019
Neurotoken(NTK) Whitepaper Version 3.0 February 28, 2019
Graft(GRFT) MVP Payment Network Beta February 28, 2019
U Network(UUU) Optimized Mainnet February 28, 2019
Mass Vehicle Ledger(MVL) Incentive Protocol Pilot February 28, 2019
Vexanium(VEX) Vexanium Testnet Launch February 28, 2019
DAPS Token(DAPS) Testnet Release February 28, 2019
Metadium(META) Mainnet Launch February 28, 2019
Fivebalance(FBN) Fivebalance Whitepaper V2 February 28, 2019
Fivebalance(FBN) Swap Instructions February 28, 2019
Pedity(PEDI) Alpha 0.2 Launch February 28, 2019
MoX Protocol Upgrade March 1, 2019
DAO.Casino(BET) Sandbox Project March 1, 2019
Bitcoin Private(BTCP) Burn Unclaimed Coins March 1, 2019
Nexty(NTY) Staking & Protocol Change March 1, 2019
Digitex Futures(DGTX) Token Release March 1, 2019
Kalkulus(KLKS) Whitepaper Release March 1, 2019
Soniq(SONIQ) Singing Contest Ends March 1, 2019
Auxilium(AUX) AUX Monthly Interest March 1, 2019
Ondori(RSTR) Proof of Transaction March 1, 2019

 

Blockchains

Millenial Talks Event February 28, 2019
CyberMiles(CMT) Data on CMT Blockchain February 28, 2019
Crypto Investor Show March 1, 2019

 

Meetups

EOS(EOS) New York City Meetup February 28, 2019
Waves(WAVES) Hong Kong Meetup February 28, 2019

 

Fork/Hard Forks

Vertcoin(VTC) Hard Fork February 28, 2019

 

Air Drops

Bitcoin Diamond(BCD) Monthly Airdrop February 28, 2019

 

Software/Platforms

Ink Protocol(XNK) Mobile App Release February 28, 2019
Titanium BAR(TBAR) VORDEX Release February 28, 2019
Nexus(NXS) Satellite Launch March 2019

 

 


[Daily Discussion] Thursday, February 28, 2019

Thread topics include, but are not limited to:

  • General discussion related to the day's events
  • Technical analysis, trading ideas & strategies
  • Quick questions that do not warrant a separate post

Thread guidelines:

  • Be excellent to each other.
  • Do not make posts outside of the daily thread for the topics mentioned above.

Other ways to interact:


Weekly /r/Iowa Events Thread for the week of February 28, 2019

This thread is for any events going on in Iowa this week! What events will you be attending? What events do you want to attend? What events do you want to promote? Whats new around that state this week? Add a comment below. Anything from music to politics to a house party.

If you have any recurring events, specials, or other suggestions for this weekly thread, please send us a modmail or post it here and ping /u/annarchist - else it will likely be focused on shit Im interested in.

Please provide the following when posting new events: Time, Date, Location, Cost and some sort of description of the event.

New threads start every week, and will be stickied at the top of the subreddit. I am still working on the formatting, so if it sucks or you want changes, please provide feedback.

Here are some places to find things to do - if you see something that looks cool feel free to discuss it here because I'm sure some of us will miss it: Cityviews Calendar - Juice Calendar - Des Moines Register Event Page - Catch Des Moines Calendar - Travel Iowa Event Search

Outdoors: Trout Stocking Schedule | Iowa Biking Maps | Outdoors Things to Do | Hunting Regulations | Fishing Regulations Note -Annual Iowa hunting and fishing licenses expire on Jan. 10.

Sports: Iowa Cubs Schedule | Cedar Rapids Kernal Schedule | Hawkeye Football Schedule | Hawkeye Basketball Schedule | Iowa State Football Schedule | Iowa State Basketball Schedule | Drake Basketball | UNI Football | UNI Basketball | Barnstormer Schedule | Waterloo Blackhawks

Music: Bands in Town - Des Moines | Bands in Town - Cedar Falls | Bands in Town - Iowa City | Nitefall on the River

Local Message Boards: UrbanDSM|IowaOutdoors515Crew Election|Dates :--|:-- General Election|November 6, 2018. City Primary|October 8, 2019 Regular City & Regular School|November 5, 2019 City Runoff|December 3, 2019 Primary|June 2, 2020 General|November 3, 2020

Des Moines Reoccurring Events:
*Third Friday of Every Month is Mixology at the Science Center in Des Moines * Blues Jam Band every Tuesday at Carl's Place, $3 tallboys * Area515 1731 Grand Avenue, Des Moines - Electronics Club 2nd Wednesdays at 7pm - 3D Printing Club 3rd Mondays at 7pm - Ham Radio Night 4th Mondays at 7pm * Young Professionals Connection Calendar * Des Moines Bitcoin and Blockchain MeetUp at Gravitate in West Des Moines - 4th Thursday of the month - 7:00pm * D&D at Mistress Brewery in Ankeny Sundays 3:30pm-7:30pm.

Quad Cities Reoccuring events: * Every other Wednesday (July 25th): Eat the Streets (downtown Davenport) * relevant sub thread

Cedar Falls Reoccurring Events: * Every Tuesday night there are rides that leave at singlespeed in CF. 5:30 is the 22mph average ride. 6:00 is the 18mph average ride and women's ride. * Every Wednesday is the the CvC WOW ride that meets at 6 pm at 4th and Main St in CF. Several types of rides for all types of riders.

Council Bluffs Reoccurring Events: * Every Thursday night in council bluffs is the Taco Ride from CB to mineola Iowa

Central Iowa Bar Map - If you know who created this or want to download the XML and expand on it, please do so! If you create an updated one including your regions bar, Ill replace this one.

Note this is going to start likely central Iowa Centric as I am using that as the baseline the creation of this.

Tag/ping /u/AnnArchist if you post in here with like something added on a weekly basis. I also included the tag here so I remember to check this.

Iowa Discord Server


My Big Coin Crypto Project Founder Is Charged With Investment Fraud - Bitcoin Exchange Guide

https://bitcoinexchangeguide.com/my-big-coin-crypto-project-founder-is-charged-with-investment-fraud/

The Aergo Merkle Bridge — Explained

TL;DR — The Merkle Bridge is a new design for interoperability between blockchains/sidechains that is simple, decentralized, secure, and cost-effective. It will be used to power inter-chain asset bridging and communication on the Aergo

Aergo is being designed as a broad platform for developers, decentralized application (dApp) builders, system integrators, telcos/hosting providers, enterprises, and SMBs to combine the powerful semantics of blockchain technology with serverless cloud computing on a new open-source enterprise-IT platform that is easy-to-use for all stakeholders.

Aergo could be a productive platform for developers, dApp builders, and system architects to build decentralized applications and protocols on their own dedicated chain. Aergo offers exceptional performance and cost-effectiveness running, for the first time ever, smart contracts written in Lua/SQL, handling data using a hyper-fast database engine, and coding applications using an isomorphic programming model.

Aergo could also provide software infrastructure — an incredibly easy to implement IT solution that organizations can use to share data and functionalities with third-parties in a controlled way — as equal peers. All kinds of organizations, including fintech, government, or enterprise companies, could automate key aspects of their external business processes in an integrated and consistent way while strengthening security. An organization building a use case with other entities could run their own dedicated private chain, and collaborate with third-parties running their own private chains, while settling exchanges or communications using our permissionless-public blockchain.

Technically, Aergo as a platform provides exceptional utility for interoperability between blockchains or sidechains in processes as described above. Such interoperability entails two things. First, authenticating states between distinct chains: this is addressed by our Aergo StateTrie released in October 2018.

Second, and more immediately relevant, facilitating inter-blockchain transfer and communication as addressed by the Aergo Merkle Bridge.

Technical Context

To understand the Merkle Bridge, we should first start by understanding one of its most useful applications: two-way pegged (2WP) asset transfers. The basic idea of a 2WP asset transfer is as follows:

  1. Token is issued on Blockchain A
  2. A transfer request is made to transfer Token to Blockchain B
  3. Token on Blockchain A is locked
  4. A copy of Token is minted on Blockchain B in a 1:1 ratio to the amount that was locked on Blockchain A
  5. The locked Token on Blockchain A can only be unlocked if it’s copy has been burnt on Blockchain B

Currently, the most common way of transferring tokens between blockchains is transferring tokens using multisig operators. Operators will watch transfer events of tokens being sent to their multisig type contract and multi-sign a message that will mint an equivalent amount of tokens on the destination blockchain.

Example implementations are Cosmos’ Peggy.sol contract, which Cosmos’ validators use to transfer assets to other blockchains through the Cosmos Hub. Another example is POA Network’s bridge that transfers tokens between Ethereum and the POA chain. Relaying deposit events to transfer tokens works well for connecting different types of blockchains including UTXO-based blockchains like Bitcoin, blockchains with accounts based on Merkelized state like Ethereum, and blockchains based on accounts without Merkelized state such as EOS.

However, an important limitation of this approach is the cost and security of locking and unlocking assets. Because each user transfer event needs to be multi-signed for minting/unlocking, it means the value being transferred cannot be small as verifying multiple signatures is costly. As a result, there is a trade-off between the decentralization (security) of the bridge (number of validators) and the cost of individual transfers.

This tradeoff can be improved in 2 ways:

  • A liquidity provider makes a large transfer then swaps small amounts of his minted assets.
  • The multisig type contract holding tokens could support batch transfers so that signature verification is done only one time for the whole batch. But this would still be limited as the batches would have to contain only one asset class — a malicious token could revert the whole batch. Finally, the validators need to agree on a set of transfer events to sign which makes the implementation of the multisig operators more complicated.

At Aergo, we are connecting state-Merkelized enterprise sidechains to the public Aergo public chain, so we looked for a more efficient way of bridging two blockchains; by using state Merkle proofs instead of events.

Merkelized State Trie

In order to operate a Merkle Bridge between two blockchains, their state should be Merkelized in a data structure like the Aergo StateTrie (a modified Sparse Merkle Tree) or Ethereum’s modified Patricia Tree. The Aergo StateTrie was released last October 2018 and presented in a previous article.

One of the reasons for using the modified Sparse Merkle Tree (StateTrie) in Aergo is the efficiency and the size of Merkle proofs, which is better than Ethereum’s Patricia tree — less gas is needed to verify proofs and we can allow for smaller transaction sizes. Nevertheless, we will also develop an Ethereum-Aergo Merkle Bridge using both Ethereum Patricia tree and Aergo StateTrie Merkle proofs.

Blockchain state authentication brings consensus safety and enables light client wallets to safely interact with the blockchain. It is a key to blockchain interoperability as it enables any blockchain state to be verified in an application (contract) on another blockchain. The Merkle Bridge currently only supports token and Aergo transfers but other applications are being researched like Oracle data verification and inter-blockchain function calls.

Merkle Bridge Design

Proof of Authority sidechains often use anchoring of their state on a public chain to provide a source of verifiable truth. The Merkle Bridge uses these anchored state roots to allow users to submit proofs of a sidechain’s state.

Benefits include the following:

  • Simple: Bridge operators only need to publish and sign a finalized state root they believe is valid by running a full node
  • Flexibly Decentralized, Secure: State roots can be signed by many more validators during the anchoring period making it more decentralized and secure
  • Resilient: Token transfers cannot be arbitrarily censored without modifying the sidechain state root
  • Cost-Efficient: Microtransfers can be made and the total deposited balance can be minted/unlocked, Merkle proof verification is cheaper than signature verification

Is this similar to Plasma?

This design was inspired from researching Plasma and running into the issue of running contracts on Plasma. The Merkle Bridge is not Plasma because it doesn’t have the same security properties: there is no exit cue to challenge exits from the sidechain, and withdrawing has to be initiated on the sidechain. The security of the Merkle Bridge relies on the decentralization of the anchoring validators. Since an unlimited number of transfers can be made for a single state root, the required number of signatures of that state root can be high. Users don’t need to watch a blockchain for invalid withdrawals and mass exit situations but should trust the decentralized operators.

How does it work?

The proof of concept implementation of the Merkle Bridge between two Aergo blockchains can be found in this repository.

Bridge Operators

They run a full node for each blockchain they are bridging. At regular intervals (perhaps every 10 minutes), they will get the latest finalized state root and register it on the opposite blockchain in the Root and Height state variables of the bridge contract.

-- signers is the index of signers in Validators function set_root(root, height, signers, signatures) local block_height = system.getBlockheight() assert(block_height >= (LastAnchor:get() + T_anchor:get()), "Anchoring time not reached") -- check Height so validator is not tricked by signing multiple anchors assert(height > Height:get(), "Height must be higher that previous anchor") LastAnchor:set(block_height) old_nonce = Nonce:get() message = crypto.sha256(root..tostring(height)..tostring(old_nonce)) assert(validate_signatures(message, signers, signatures), "Failed signature validation") Root:set("0x"..root) Height:set(height) Nonce:set(old_nonce + 1) end 

set_root(…) is called by operators to anchor a new state root

Asset Transfer

To transfer tokens, a user will lock them in the bridge contract and wait for the next anchor on the destination blockchain

function lock(receiver, amount, token_address, nonce, signature, sender, fee, deadline) local bamount = bignum.number(amount) local b0 = bignum.number(0) assert(address.isValidAddress(receiver), "invalid address format: " .. receiver) assert(MintedTokens[token_address] == nil, "this token was minted by the bridge so it should be burnt to transfer back to origin, not locked") assert(bamount > b0, "amount must be positive") -- Lock assets/aer in the bridge if system.getAmount() ~= "0" then assert(token_address == "aergo", "for safety and clarity don't provide a token address when locking aergo bits") assert(system.getAmount() == bignum.tostring(bamount), "for safety and clarity, amount must match the amount sent in the tx") else this_contract = system.getContractID() -- FIXME how can this be hacked with a reentrant call if the token_address is malicious ? if sender == nil then sender = system.getSender() if not contract.call(token_address, "signed_transfer", sender, this_contract, bignum.tostring(bamount), nonce, "0", 0, signature) then error("failed to receive token to lock") end else -- TODO fix standard token, currently doesnt pay fee to tx signer but to caller contract instead if not contract.call(token_address, "signed_transfer", sender, this_contract, bignum.tostring(bamount), nonce, fee, deadline, signature) then error("failed to receive token to lock") end end end -- Add locked amount to total local account_ref = receiver .. token_address local old = Locks[account_ref] local locked_balance if old == nil then locked_balance = bamount else locked_balance = bignum.number(old) + bamount end Locks[account_ref] = bignum.tostring(locked_balance) -- TODO add event return token_address, bamount end 

lock(…) records the total balance deposited by the user.

The user’s wallet will read the new anchored state root (Root, Height) on the destination blockchain and request a Merkle proof of inclusion of his locked balance for that state root to a full node. A user’s locked balance is recorded in the Locks state mapping where keys are the account reference for a token. The account reference is the concatenation of the user address and the token address.

# addr2 : bridge address on the destination chain # query the last merged state of blockchain 1 onto blokchain 2. height_proof_2 = aergo2.query_sc_state(addr2, ["_sv_Height"]) last_merged_height2 = int(height_proof_2.var_proofs[0].value) # get inclusion proof of lock in last merged block merge_block1 = aergo1.get_block(block_height=last_merged_height2) account_ref = receiver + token_origin # get the proof of locked balance for account_ref lock_proof = aergo1.query_sc_state(addr1, ["_sv_Locks-" + account_ref], root=merge_block1.blocks_root_hash, compressed=False) 

Creating the Merkle proof of locked balance

The user’s wallet can then make a transaction on the destination blockchain to mint his tokens. The user cannot mint more than the total amount deposited and recorded by the contract.

function mint(receiver, balance, token_origin, merkle_proof) local bbalance = bignum.number(balance) local b0 = bignum.number(0) assert(address.isValidAddress(receiver), "invalid address format: " .. receiver) assert(bbalance > b0, "minteable balance must be positive") -- Verify merkle proof of locked balance local account_ref = receiver .. token_origin local balance_str = "\""..bignum.tostring(bbalance).."\"" if not _verify_mp(merkle_proof, "Locks", account_ref, balance_str, Root:get()) then error("failed to verify deposit balance merkle proof") end -- Calculate amount to mint local to_transfer minted_so_far = Mints[account_ref] if minted_so_far == nil then to_transfer = bbalance else to_transfer = bbalance - bignum.number(minted_so_far) end assert(to_transfer > bignum.number(0), "make a deposit before minting") -- Deploy or get the minted token local mint_address if BridgeTokens[token_origin] == nil then -- Deploy new minteable token controlled by bridge mint_address, success = _deploy_minteable_token() if not success then error("failed to create token contract") end BridgeTokens[token_origin] = mint_address MintedTokens[mint_address] = token_origin else mint_address = BridgeTokens[token_origin] end -- Record total amount minted Mints[account_ref] = bignum.tostring(bbalance) -- Mint tokens if not contract.call(mint_address, "mint", receiver, bignum.tostring(to_transfer)) then error("failed to mint token") end -- TODO add event return mint_address, to_transfer end 

mint(…) verifies the deposit Merkle proof and mints the right quantity of tokens. If a token was never minted, a new pegged token contract is deployed.

If the bridge operators anchor a new state root before the user mints his balance, the user’s wallet can simply create a new Merkle proof for the newly anchored state root: minting/unlocking has to be done within the anchoring period.

The user’s wallet repeats the same process for burning tokens before unlocking them on the origin blockchain.

For details about the Merkle proof verification in the Merkle Bridge contract see this previous article.

Conclusion

The Merkle Bridge behaves like a multisig contract that signs a sidechain state root instead of individual transactions and users can make a withdrawal by proving their state. The main benefit is that the token custody is much more decentralized and simple to operate than usual multisig contracts. Asset transfers are the first usage, but being able to prove anything about another blockchain’s state is a powerful thing which enables other applications.

Other ideas could be developed to make the anchoring more secure and decentralized, for example, bonded validators, a challenging period to cancel a state root anchor. Anchoring an invalid state root requires 2/3 of the validators to be corrupted. Those validators can be the sidechain POA block producers but also some official legal entities, bonded entities.

I hope you found this interesting! Feedback and contributions are welcome.