Tuesday, December 4, 2018

Guaranteed Carding Guides

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

UPDATE: We've added to the collection:

* **"Ultimate Guide for being Anonymous: Avoiding prison time for fun and profit"**

* **"How to Make Your Own Middle/Cashout Accounts"**

* **"How to Use Stolen CCs To Buy Bitcoin Through Skrill March 2018"**

* **"Chatting Anonymously"**

* **"PayPal - How to process carded PayPal transfers"**

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---

Hello, there this is Mr.Gwydion:

We are solid. **We have been selling Quality Guides at Affordable Prices Daily,for over 1 year now.**

>How do we do it?

Its very simple: we buy expensive Guides at DNM and sell them here for $10.

Allowing you to access expensive guides at an affordable price.

Its good buiness for both sides.

---

---

###The Complete Carding Manual for Beginners 2018

Original Price: ~~$80~~

Our Price: $10

**Buy It Now:**

http://satoshibox.com/aii5oeyapt5omw2qh6wfzsdk

>What Im going to cover:

How to really **secure your connection, your laptop, etc** (OpSec).

How to create and use **Fulls/Bank Drop Accounts** and how to get them.

*Specific and unique resources.*

**How to Cash Out Your CVVs.**

SOCKS/RDPS and why we use them

Finding Cardable Websites.

**Everything Explained in super detail in 105 pages.**

---

---

###How to Use Stolen CCs To Buy Bitcoin Through Skrill March 2018 {New}

Original Price: ~~$55~~

Our Price: $10

**Buy It Now**

http://satoshibox.com/42jwph7anefhkzrtymcoohy3

>You will learn how to use a stolen credit card to buy Bitcoin! First go to any number of darknet markets and buy yourself a credit card. The CC information will run you somewhere between $6 and $20 depending on BIN, Location, Seller, ETC. Next step: Buy BTCs with this information(you are also going to have to have a complete identity profile: A Fullz.) As you can see, its easy, just a few steps... You will know how to do it by yourself after read this Guide.

---

---

###Bank Drop Creation and Cashout Guide

*2018 BANK DROP CREATION Guide - PERFECT for CARDERS: BOA - Wells Fargo - Fidelity*

Original Price:~~$80~~

Our Price: $10

**Buy It Now**

http://satoshibox.com/pngzf3roy5qb85oh4dg4f2mc

WORKS WORLDWIDE! You don't have to be from US!

What you will find inside:

>**A to Z on computer setup for opening Bank Drops**. (and not only, **you can use this for PayPal Fraud/Stripe/Skrill/Venmo**, etc.)

A to Z on how to open 4 different Brick and Mortar Bank Drops. ( And when i say A to Z i really mean it!)

All resources and information on **how to handle them without freezing the accounts**, connecting them to *Payment Processors*.

All resources needed to get to a cost of $11 / Bank Drop.

Scan resource that will pass any verification 90% of time.

---

---

###E-commerce Webstores for Fraud (Stripe, Braintree)

***The smart way to cashout all your CCs***

Original price: ~~$95~~

Our Price $10

**Buy It Now**

http://satoshibox.com/mx3mw2cii2dkzqvwyxfaxw24

> I'll show you here a technique that I personally used and that works since early 2018. Because this guide is intended for noobs in first place, I'll explain this method for getting to two days payout on Stripe and make at least $3k-$5k per setup.

You will receive here not only information on how to setup, but most important, **why do it like I sayit and not any other way.**

---

---

###Amazon Guide - Refunding

Original Price: ~~$75~~

Our Price: $10

**Buy It Now**

http://satoshibox.com/ammcsqikpqori6jqk32ykehm

>What is Amazon refunding? Basically it's simply: you order something on Amazon, **you

can get it refunded, 100%**. Think that sounds great? Why stop there? Why not get 2, 3 of

your items, AND a refund. You'll be able to after this.

---

---

###Carding University

*Original price: $250*

**Our price : $10**

**Buy It Now!**

http://satoshibox.com/bwehejzgd44if5ryxnsgs3dc

You will be receiving: [+] Most of my methods, knowledge, experience and tips will be disclosed to students. [+] Private guides of my authoring. [+] Advanced carding security and **Stop using vip72. That's killing your carding!** [+] **Private Contact list and private sites and tools will be shared exclusively.**

---

---

###Guide to Paypal Credit 2018

Original Price: ~~$60~~

Our Price: $10

**Buy It Now**

http://satoshibox.com/6xofa38fteeruwtum2obavpz

> You will learn how to Create PayPal Credit accounts with high limits**,

and **how to cash out these accounts out** once they are created.

---

---

###How to Process Carded PayPal Transfers and Cash It Out!

Our Price: $10

***Buy Now!***

http://satoshibox.com/4diwrrv4rih5epuo3nt3bmwb

> Carded PayPal Transfer are all about Carding PayPal gateways and other factors.

We are gonna give you some methods and some technical aspects.

You will learn making transfer by creating a free or paid Web store and linking the email PayPal to it.

---

---

###How to Make Your Own Middle/Cashout Accounts {New}

Original Price: ~~$50~~

Our Price: $10

**Buy It Now**

http://satoshibox.com/e56gxnecm73f84isf3qcmhmc

**Learning Outcomes:**

>This tutorial will show you **step by step how** to create your

**OWN PayPal Middleman or Cashout accounts** if you don't want to buy ones from Market and so **that you can start transferring funds !**

This Guide will make you successful when it comes to PayPal !!!

---

---

###Take Over Bank Account: Putting The FULLZ To Use!

Original Price: ~~$31.20~~

Our Price: $10

***Buy It Now***

http://satoshibox.com/sxijfkvvoebrvh8xyqgkgusb

**Product description:**

These are comprehensive guides on how to use the fullz, this particular guide shows you how taking over a bank account goes like. As the OPSEC is number one for us, there is a lot about that. Not only the guide shows how to take over bank account, it also teaches you to safely cash it out.

---

---

###Chatting Anonymously {New}

Our Price: $10

**Buy It Now**

http://satoshibox.com/vxbib3n8avgosz8xtqnf2huz

>How to communicate online in a way that’s private, **secret and anonymous.**

I’ll show you how to create anonymous real-time chat accounts and how to chat over those accounts using an encryption protocol called Off-the- Record Messaging, or OTR.

*Whatever OS you are using: Mac OS X, Windows, Linux and Android.*

Pages: 55

---

---

###Ultimate Guide for being Anonymous: Avoiding prison time for fun and profit {New}

Original Price: ~~$40~~

Our Price: $10

**Buy It Now**

http://satoshibox.com/si6kmdthozbxzxnrkzaue4t2

>You may be the best fraudster in the world, but if you cannot control your footprint on the internet and correctly erase your trail, you will simply crash and burn.

Here you will learn how to really became anonymous…

#How to buy from us?

---

---

>**It is completely Safe and Easy to buy from us.**

When clicking the link you go to **Satoshibox**: an Old and Reliable Platform for Selling Digital Content for Bitcoin.

**(Guarantee that you will receive what you are paying for).**

**All in 2 Simple Steps:**

1 - You click on the button ¨buy for $10¨ and choose which crypto you want to pay with: **Bitcoin, Litecoin, Bitcoin Cash, Monero, Dash, Dogecoin and ethereum!**

2 - They will show you on screen an address to deposit the coins. As soon as you deposit it the Download will be automatically released.

---

E-mail: mrgwydion@protonmail.com

Wickr: gwydion

Jabber: MrGwydion@jabb3r.de

---



Guaranteed Carding Guides - Updated!

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

UPDATE: We've added to the collection:

* **"Ultimate Guide for being Anonymous: Avoiding prison time for fun and profit"**

* **"How to Make Your Own Middle/Cashout Accounts"**

* **"How to Use Stolen CCs To Buy Bitcoin Through Skrill March 2018"**

* **"Chatting Anonymously"**

* **"PayPal - How to process carded PayPal transfers"**

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---

Hello, there this is Mr.Gwydion:

We are solid. **We have been selling Quality Guides at Affordable Prices Daily,for over 1 year now.**

>How do we do it?

Its very simple: we buy expensive Guides at DNM and sell them here for $10.

Allowing you to access expensive guides at an affordable price.

Its good buiness for both sides.

---

---

###The Complete Carding Manual for Beginners 2018

Original Price: ~~$80~~

Our Price: $10

**Buy It Now:**

http://satoshibox.com/aii5oeyapt5omw2qh6wfzsdk

>What Im going to cover:

How to really **secure your connection, your laptop, etc** (OpSec).

How to create and use **Fulls/Bank Drop Accounts** and how to get them.

*Specific and unique resources.*

**How to Cash Out Your CVVs.**

SOCKS/RDPS and why we use them

Finding Cardable Websites.

**Everything Explained in super detail in 105 pages.**

---

---

###How to Use Stolen CCs To Buy Bitcoin Through Skrill March 2018 {New}

Original Price: ~~$55~~

Our Price: $10

**Buy It Now**

http://satoshibox.com/42jwph7anefhkzrtymcoohy3

>You will learn how to use a stolen credit card to buy Bitcoin! First go to any number of darknet markets and buy yourself a credit card. The CC information will run you somewhere between $6 and $20 depending on BIN, Location, Seller, ETC. Next step: Buy BTCs with this information(you are also going to have to have a complete identity profile: A Fullz.) As you can see, its easy, just a few steps... You will know how to do it by yourself after read this Guide.

---

---

###Bank Drop Creation and Cashout Guide

*2018 BANK DROP CREATION Guide - PERFECT for CARDERS: BOA - Wells Fargo - Fidelity*

Original Price:~~$80~~

Our Price: $10

**Buy It Now**

http://satoshibox.com/pngzf3roy5qb85oh4dg4f2mc

WORKS WORLDWIDE! You don't have to be from US!

What you will find inside:

>**A to Z on computer setup for opening Bank Drops**. (and not only, **you can use this for PayPal Fraud/Stripe/Skrill/Venmo**, etc.)

A to Z on how to open 4 different Brick and Mortar Bank Drops. ( And when i say A to Z i really mean it!)

All resources and information on **how to handle them without freezing the accounts**, connecting them to *Payment Processors*.

All resources needed to get to a cost of $11 / Bank Drop.

Scan resource that will pass any verification 90% of time.

---

---

###E-commerce Webstores for Fraud (Stripe, Braintree)

***The smart way to cashout all your CCs***

Original price: ~~$95~~

Our Price $10

**Buy It Now**

http://satoshibox.com/mx3mw2cii2dkzqvwyxfaxw24

> I'll show you here a technique that I personally used and that works since early 2018. Because this guide is intended for noobs in first place, I'll explain this method for getting to two days payout on Stripe and make at least $3k-$5k per setup.

You will receive here not only information on how to setup, but most important, **why do it like I sayit and not any other way.**

---

---

###Amazon Guide - Refunding

Original Price: ~~$75~~

Our Price: $10

**Buy It Now**

http://satoshibox.com/ammcsqikpqori6jqk32ykehm

>What is Amazon refunding? Basically it's simply: you order something on Amazon, **you

can get it refunded, 100%**. Think that sounds great? Why stop there? Why not get 2, 3 of

your items, AND a refund. You'll be able to after this.

---

---

###Carding University

*Original price: $250*

**Our price : $10**

**Buy It Now!**

http://satoshibox.com/bwehejzgd44if5ryxnsgs3dc

You will be receiving: [+] Most of my methods, knowledge, experience and tips will be disclosed to students. [+] Private guides of my authoring. [+] Advanced carding security and **Stop using vip72. That's killing your carding!** [+] **Private Contact list and private sites and tools will be shared exclusively.**

---

---

###Guide to Paypal Credit 2018

Original Price: ~~$60~~

Our Price: $10

**Buy It Now**

http://satoshibox.com/6xofa38fteeruwtum2obavpz

> You will learn how to Create PayPal Credit accounts with high limits**,

and **how to cash out these accounts out** once they are created.

---

---

###How to Process Carded PayPal Transfers and Cash It Out!

Our Price: $10

***Buy Now!***

http://satoshibox.com/4diwrrv4rih5epuo3nt3bmwb

> Carded PayPal Transfer are all about Carding PayPal gateways and other factors.

We are gonna give you some methods and some technical aspects.

You will learn making transfer by creating a free or paid Web store and linking the email PayPal to it.

---

---

###How to Make Your Own Middle/Cashout Accounts {New}

Original Price: ~~$50~~

Our Price: $10

**Buy It Now**

http://satoshibox.com/e56gxnecm73f84isf3qcmhmc

**Learning Outcomes:**

>This tutorial will show you **step by step how** to create your

**OWN PayPal Middleman or Cashout accounts** if you don't want to buy ones from Market and so **that you can start transferring funds !**

This Guide will make you successful when it comes to PayPal !!!

---

---

###Take Over Bank Account: Putting The FULLZ To Use!

Original Price: ~~$31.20~~

Our Price: $10

***Buy It Now***

http://satoshibox.com/sxijfkvvoebrvh8xyqgkgusb

**Product description:**

These are comprehensive guides on how to use the fullz, this particular guide shows you how taking over a bank account goes like. As the OPSEC is number one for us, there is a lot about that. Not only the guide shows how to take over bank account, it also teaches you to safely cash it out.

---

---

###Chatting Anonymously {New}

Our Price: $10

**Buy It Now**

http://satoshibox.com/vxbib3n8avgosz8xtqnf2huz

>How to communicate online in a way that’s private, **secret and anonymous.**

I’ll show you how to create anonymous real-time chat accounts and how to chat over those accounts using an encryption protocol called Off-the- Record Messaging, or OTR.

*Whatever OS you are using: Mac OS X, Windows, Linux and Android.*

Pages: 55

---

---

###Ultimate Guide for being Anonymous: Avoiding prison time for fun and profit {New}

Original Price: ~~$40~~

Our Price: $10

**Buy It Now**

http://satoshibox.com/si6kmdthozbxzxnrkzaue4t2

>You may be the best fraudster in the world, but if you cannot control your footprint on the internet and correctly erase your trail, you will simply crash and burn.

Here you will learn how to really became anonymous…

#How to buy from us?

---

---

>**It is completely Safe and Easy to buy from us.**

When clicking the link you go to **Satoshibox**: an Old and Reliable Platform for Selling Digital Content for Bitcoin.

**(Guarantee that you will receive what you are paying for).**

**All in 2 Simple Steps:**

1 - You click on the button ¨buy for $10¨ and choose which crypto you want to pay with: **Bitcoin, Litecoin, Bitcoin Cash, Monero, Dash, Dogecoin and ethereum!**

2 - They will show you on screen an address to deposit the coins. As soon as you deposit it the Download will be automatically released.

---

E-mail: mrgwydion@protonmail.com

Wickr: gwydion

Jabber: MrGwydion@jabb3r.de

---



[Daily Discussion] Tuesday, December 04, 2018

Thread topics include, but are not limited to:

  • General discussion related to the day's events
  • Technical analysis, trading ideas & strategies
  • Quick questions that do not warrant a separate post

Thread guidelines:

  • Be excellent to each other.
  • Do not make posts outside of the daily thread for the topics mentioned above.

Other ways to interact:


[Daily Discussion] Tuesday, December 04, 2018

Thread topics include, but are not limited to:

  • General discussion related to the day's events
  • Technical analysis, trading ideas & strategies
  • Quick questions that do not warrant a separate post

Thread guidelines:

  • Be excellent to each other.
  • Do not make posts outside of the daily thread for the topics mentioned above.

Other ways to interact:


Guaranteed Carding Guides {Updated}

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

UPDATE: We've added to the collection:

* **"Ultimate Guide for being Anonymous: Avoiding prison time for fun and profit"**

* **"How to Make Your Own Middle/Cashout Accounts"**

* **"How to Use Stolen CCs To Buy Bitcoin Through Skrill March 2018"**

* **"Chatting Anonymously"**

* **"PayPal - How to process carded PayPal transfers"**

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---

Hello, there this is Mr.Gwydion:

We are solid. **We have been selling Quality Guides at Affordable Prices Daily,for over 1 year now.**

>How do we do it?

Its very simple: we buy expensive Guides at DNM and sell them here for $10.

Allowing you to access expensive guides at an affordable price.

Its good buiness for both sides.

---

---

###The Complete Carding Manual for Beginners 2018

Original Price: ~~$80~~

Our Price: $10

**Buy It Now:**

http://satoshibox.com/aii5oeyapt5omw2qh6wfzsdk

>What Im going to cover:

How to really **secure your connection, your laptop, etc** (OpSec).

How to create and use **Fulls/Bank Drop Accounts** and how to get them.

*Specific and unique resources.*

**How to Cash Out Your CVVs.**

SOCKS/RDPS and why we use them

Finding Cardable Websites.

**Everything Explained in super detail in 105 pages.**

---

---

###How to Use Stolen CCs To Buy Bitcoin Through Skrill March 2018 {New}

Original Price: ~~$55~~

Our Price: $10

**Buy It Now**

http://satoshibox.com/42jwph7anefhkzrtymcoohy3

>You will learn how to use a stolen credit card to buy Bitcoin! First go to any number of darknet markets and buy yourself a credit card. The CC information will run you somewhere between $6 and $20 depending on BIN, Location, Seller, ETC. Next step: Buy BTCs with this information(you are also going to have to have a complete identity profile: A Fullz.) As you can see, its easy, just a few steps... You will know how to do it by yourself after read this Guide.

---

---

###Bank Drop Creation and Cashout Guide

*2018 BANK DROP CREATION Guide - PERFECT for CARDERS: BOA - Wells Fargo - Fidelity*

Original Price:~~$80~~

Our Price: $10

**Buy It Now**

http://satoshibox.com/pngzf3roy5qb85oh4dg4f2mc

WORKS WORLDWIDE! You don't have to be from US!

What you will find inside:

>**A to Z on computer setup for opening Bank Drops**. (and not only, **you can use this for PayPal Fraud/Stripe/Skrill/Venmo**, etc.)

A to Z on how to open 4 different Brick and Mortar Bank Drops. ( And when i say A to Z i really mean it!)

All resources and information on **how to handle them without freezing the accounts**, connecting them to *Payment Processors*.

All resources needed to get to a cost of $11 / Bank Drop.

Scan resource that will pass any verification 90% of time.

---

---

###E-commerce Webstores for Fraud (Stripe, Braintree)

***The smart way to cashout all your CCs***

Original price: ~~$95~~

Our Price $10

**Buy It Now**

http://satoshibox.com/mx3mw2cii2dkzqvwyxfaxw24

> I'll show you here a technique that I personally used and that works since early 2018. Because this guide is intended for noobs in first place, I'll explain this method for getting to two days payout on Stripe and make at least $3k-$5k per setup.

You will receive here not only information on how to setup, but most important, **why do it like I sayit and not any other way.**

---

---

###Amazon Guide - Refunding

Original Price: ~~$75~~

Our Price: $10

**Buy It Now**

http://satoshibox.com/ammcsqikpqori6jqk32ykehm

>What is Amazon refunding? Basically it's simply: you order something on Amazon, **you

can get it refunded, 100%**. Think that sounds great? Why stop there? Why not get 2, 3 of

your items, AND a refund. You'll be able to after this.

---

---

###Carding University

*Original price: $250*

**Our price : $10**

**Buy It Now!**

http://satoshibox.com/bwehejzgd44if5ryxnsgs3dc

You will be receiving: [+] Most of my methods, knowledge, experience and tips will be disclosed to students. [+] Private guides of my authoring. [+] Advanced carding security and **Stop using vip72. That's killing your carding!** [+] **Private Contact list and private sites and tools will be shared exclusively.**

---

---

###Guide to Paypal Credit 2018

Original Price: ~~$60~~

Our Price: $10

**Buy It Now**

http://satoshibox.com/6xofa38fteeruwtum2obavpz

> You will learn how to Create PayPal Credit accounts with high limits**,

and **how to cash out these accounts out** once they are created.

---

---

###How to Process Carded PayPal Transfers and Cash It Out!

Our Price: $10

***Buy Now!***

http://satoshibox.com/4diwrrv4rih5epuo3nt3bmwb

> Carded PayPal Transfer are all about Carding PayPal gateways and other factors.

We are gonna give you some methods and some technical aspects.

You will learn making transfer by creating a free or paid Web store and linking the email PayPal to it.

---

---

###How to Make Your Own Middle/Cashout Accounts {New}

Original Price: ~~$50~~

Our Price: $10

**Buy It Now**

http://satoshibox.com/e56gxnecm73f84isf3qcmhmc

**Learning Outcomes:**

>This tutorial will show you **step by step how** to create your

**OWN PayPal Middleman or Cashout accounts** if you don't want to buy ones from Market and so **that you can start transferring funds !**

This Guide will make you successful when it comes to PayPal !!!

---

---

###Take Over Bank Account: Putting The FULLZ To Use!

Original Price: ~~$31.20~~

Our Price: $10

***Buy It Now***

http://satoshibox.com/sxijfkvvoebrvh8xyqgkgusb

**Product description:**

These are comprehensive guides on how to use the fullz, this particular guide shows you how taking over a bank account goes like. As the OPSEC is number one for us, there is a lot about that. Not only the guide shows how to take over bank account, it also teaches you to safely cash it out.

---

---

###Chatting Anonymously {New}

Our Price: $10

**Buy It Now**

http://satoshibox.com/vxbib3n8avgosz8xtqnf2huz

>How to communicate online in a way that’s private, **secret and anonymous.**

I’ll show you how to create anonymous real-time chat accounts and how to chat over those accounts using an encryption protocol called Off-the- Record Messaging, or OTR.

*Whatever OS you are using: Mac OS X, Windows, Linux and Android.*

Pages: 55

---

---

###Ultimate Guide for being Anonymous: Avoiding prison time for fun and profit {New}

Original Price: ~~$40~~

Our Price: $10

**Buy It Now**

http://satoshibox.com/si6kmdthozbxzxnrkzaue4t2

>You may be the best fraudster in the world, but if you cannot control your footprint on the internet and correctly erase your trail, you will simply crash and burn.

Here you will learn how to really became anonymous…

#How to buy from us?

---

---

>**It is completely Safe and Easy to buy from us.**

When clicking the link you go to **Satoshibox**: an Old and Reliable Platform for Selling Digital Content for Bitcoin.

**(Guarantee that you will receive what you are paying for).**

**All in 2 Simple Steps:**

1 - You click on the button ¨buy for $10¨ and choose which crypto you want to pay with: **Bitcoin, Litecoin, Bitcoin Cash, Monero, Dash, Dogecoin and ethereum!**

2 - They will show you on screen an address to deposit the coins. As soon as you deposit it the Download will be automatically released.

---

E-mail: mrgwydion@protonmail.com

Wickr: gwydion

Jabber: MrGwydion@jabb3r.de

---



What If Bitcoin And Crypto ‘Do Nothing’ In 2019? Blockchain, Personal ID And Tokenization’s Future - Bitcoin Exchange Guide

https://bitcoinexchangeguide.com/what-if-bitcoin-and-crypto-do-nothing-in-2019-blockchain-personal-id-and-tokenizations-future/

PCHAIN Innovative Technology :PDBFT Consensus Algorithm

https://i.redd.it/w9tg70m9b8221.png

The early public chain systems primarily adopted consensus mechanisms based on proof of work (PoW). Under this mechanism, hardware performance directly determines the computing power, that is, the ability to successfully generate blocks. A consensus algorithm based on PoW requires a significant amount of computing power, resulting in a lower TPS (transactions per second) throughput, such as the 3 to 7 TPS provided by Bitcoin. The PoW algorithm is also vulnerable to 51% attacks, so users are forced to wait for several block confirmations before a transaction is processed.

In order to overcome these problems, PCHAIN adopted a new consensus mechanism - PDBFT which is based on proof of equity (PoE). In PDBFT, each validator needs to hold a certain number of tokens in advance to obtain voting rights, and consensus is reached by voting to generate new blocks. Compared with the more secure network environment of consortium blockchain, the validator in the public chain is more vulnerable to attack and may act maliciously. This is named a Byzantine node, displaying uncertain or unpredictable behavior. For example, it may propose illegitimate blocks, deliberately cast opposing votes, or send different votes to various nodes. Byzantine nodes may even work together in bad faith.

These behaviors affect the consensus of the blockchain network and present a major problem for the public chain. Currently, modified PBFT-based algorithms are widely used in the industry, such as Hyperledger Fabric 0.6, IstanbulBFT, and Tendermint. Although the PBFT protocol can solve issues of Byzantine fault tolerance, the following problems restrict its application in large-scale public chains:

1. PBFT assumes that the validator set remains unchanged, but in the public chain, the validator should be able to join and exit more freely.

2. PBFT will not actively change the leader and will only do that in the event of a timeout. On one hand, the leader is more vulnerable to attacks. On the other, the leader may selectively package some transactions so that the others cannot be executed.

3. In PBFT, votes of all validators need to be transmitted to all nodes through broadcasting, so the overall communication overhead is O(n2), which greatly limits its application in larger networks.

After long-term research and development, the PCHAIN team proposed a new consensus protocol called PDBFT which can successfully solve the above problems, making it suitable for large-scale public chains.

Main features of this consensus mechanism include:

  1. Regular replacement of validator set. This allows the validator to join and exit the mechanism more freely. Each validator can choose whether to participate in the validator set campaign for the next Epoch. All validators of the next Epoch are then determined through consensus. The new validator set takes effect after the current Epoch ends.

  2. Active change of the leader. This makes it more difficult to attack the leader. After each round of PDBFT consensus, the leader will be changed regardless if consensus is reached or need to move to another consensus round. The leader of the new consensus round is randomly generated based on the consensus information of the previous block and can be verified by other validators. Since the generation of the new leader depends only on the consensus of the previous block and the state of current consensus, no node knows the next leader in advance. Thus, the probability of a successful attack is greatly reduced.

  3. A reduction in the communication cost of broadcasting the votes from O(n2) to O(n). In contrast to voting by broadcasting to the whole network, each validator will send votes to the current leader. After receiving majority (2/3+) votes, the leader will aggregate them through the aggregate signature algorithm. The size of the aggregated signature is the same as that of a single signature, and each validator can verify whether majority nodes have voted correctly by verifying the aggregate signature. The leader will finally broadcast the aggregate to all validators, thus the communication overhead of the protocol is reduced to O(n). This greatly improves the extendibility of the protocol and makes large-scale applications possible.

Welcome to learn PCHAIN at:

Telegram 1, Telegram 2, Telegram(Chinese Community)
Telegram(Russian Community), Telegram(Spanish Community)
Telegram(Germany Community), Telegram (French Community)
Telegram Announcement Channel
Twitter, Steemit, Medium Founder/CEO’s Twitter